Every February, the streets of Cajamarca transform into a vibrant explosion of color, music, and joy. The Cajamarca Carnival is recognized as the most important carnival in Peru and one of the most representative in South America. Its fame stems not only from its long history but also from the creativity of its people, the blend of Andean and Spanish traditions, and the infectious festive spirit that captivates all who experience it.
This celebration was declared a Cultural Heritage of the Nation by the Ministry of Culture of Peru, and is considered the most anticipated event of the year in the northern highlands.
Origin and history of the Cajamarca Carnival
The Cajamarca carnival has roots that combine pre-Hispanic agricultural rituals with influences from the European carnival brought by the Spanish. In ancient times, the Andean peoples celebrated the rains and the fertility of the land during the months of February and March. Over time, this festivity merged with the Christian carnival celebrations that precede Lent.
In Cajamarca, this blend gave rise to a unique tradition where water, paint, and music symbolize joy and renewal. Each neighborhood organizes its own troupes, floats, and dance groups that parade through the city to the rhythm of carnival songs.
Traditions that make the Cajamarca Carnival unique
During the central days of Carnival (generally between the Saturday and Tuesday before Ash Wednesday ), the people of Cajamarca enthusiastically celebrate a series of traditional activities:
1. Entrance of Ño Carnavalón
Ño Carnavalón is the central figure of the festival. He embodies the spirit of Carnival and the joy of the people. His arrival marks the beginning of the main festivities. He is accompanied by dance troupes, floats, and neighborhood queens.
2. Patrol and troupe competition
Dozens of groups parade through the streets singing humorous and critical songs aimed at politicians, local figures, and social issues. The creativity and vibrant costumes are a true spectacle.
3. Main Day of the Carnival
Carnival Monday is the most anticipated day. Thousands of people fill the streets of the historic center, participating in games with water, paint, and talcum powder. The Plaza de Armas becomes a collective celebration.
4. Wake and burial of Ño Carnavalón
On Shrove Tuesday, the people of Cajamarca symbolically bid farewell to Ño Carnavalón in a mock funeral filled with humor and music. This marks the end of the celebration.
Typical carnival cuisine
Carnival is also a time for savoring. During these days, visitors enjoy typical dishes such as cuy con papa (guinea pig with potatoes), chicharrón cajamarquino (fried pork rinds ), sopa verde (green soup ), tamales , and traditional drinks like chicha de jora ( fermented corn beverage) and aguardiente (a type of brandy). Food is an essential part of the festive experience and a reflection of the hospitable spirit of the people of Cajamarca.
You can read more about regional gastronomy in this article on our blog .
Other notable carnivals in Peru
Although the Cajamarca Carnival is the most famous, all of Peru celebrates this time of year with passion. Each region contributes its own style, music, and customs. Below are some of the most representative carnivals in the country:
Puno Carnival
Also celebrated in February, the Puno Carnival combines traditional dances with festivities honoring the Virgin of Candelaria. It is one of the most colorful carnivals in the Peruvian highlands, featuring embroidered costumes, musical bands, and parades that last for several days.
Carnival of Ayacucho
In the southern Andes, the Ayacucho Carnival is known for its joy and the use of satirical songs called "carnavales ," performed in Quechua and Spanish. Women wear multicolored skirts, and men carry guitars and violins.
Carnival of Amazonas (Chachapoyas)
In the high jungle, Carnival is celebrated with traditional dances and the famous yunza , a tree adorned with gifts that attendees knock down while dancing around it. This custom is also practiced in many other regions of the country.
Carnival of Iquitos
The Amazonian Carnival is an explosion of rhythm and color. Local communities decorate their neighborhoods with jungle motifs and perform traditional dances like the pandilla and the cucuyachi . Playing with natural paint and mud is a must.
Carnival of Piura and Catacaos
In the north, the carnival has a more Creole feel. The comparsas (carnival troupes), parades, and blend of Afro-Peruvian traditions are highlights. Catacaos also celebrates its yunza ( tree-cutting ceremony) and its grand parade of queens .
Comparison: differences between Peruvian carnivals
| Region | Carnival Style | Main elements | Approximate date |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cajamarca | Traditional Andean | Ño Carnavalón, couplets, painting | February |
| Fist | Religious and festive | Andean dances and music | February |
| Ayacucho | Humor and satire | Songs in Quechua, colorful costumes | February |
| Amazon | Community | Yunza, dances, jungle music | February |
| Iquitos | Wild | Gang, painting, carnival troupes | February |
| Piura | Coastal | Parades, yunza, queens | February |
Recommendations for enjoying the carnivals of Peru
Plan your trip in advance , especially if you're going to Cajamarca or Puno. Accommodations fill up weeks beforehand.
Wear comfortable clothes that you don't mind getting dirty , as playing with paint and water is part of the show.
Respect local customs and participate joyfully, without excess.
Take the opportunity to try the local cuisine and explore the artisan fairs that accompany the festival.
For more travel and celebration ideas, visit our article on Peruvian summer festivals .
Carnival as an expression of Peruvian identity
Carnival in Peru is more than just a party: it's a way to affirm the identity, diversity, and creativity of its people. Each region celebrates it in its own way, but all share the joy of celebrating life, community, and hope.
The Cajamarca Carnival , with its color, music and humor, remains the most vibrant symbol of this tradition that unites the country from north to south.