Every year, Peru dresses in red and white to enthusiastically and solemnly celebrate its Fiestas Patrias (National Holidays) on July 28 and 29. These dates are much more than just days of rest: they represent the country's independence from Spanish rule and recognition of those who protect its sovereignty. From the historic proclamation of José de San Martín to military parades and festivities in every corner of the country, these days are imbued with national identity, patriotic values, and a vibrant culture. In this article, we explain in detail what is commemorated on each date, its historical origins, official acts, popular traditions, and how these celebrations have evolved over time to become one of the most anticipated moments for Peruvians both inside and outside the country.
1. July 28: Independence Day
Historical origin
On July 28, 1821 , General José de San Martín proclaimed Peru's independence from a balcony in Lima's Plaza Mayor, following an arduous political and military campaign seeking to free the country from Spanish rule. The act was the result of years of emancipatory struggle by both Creole leaders and indigenous movements yearning for freedom. That day, San Martín uttered the famous phrase: "Peru is from this moment free and independent by the general will of the people and by the justice of its cause, which God defends." This event marked the beginning of a new era for the country, paving the way for the formation of a sovereign republic with its own identity.
Official ceremonies
Every July 28th, the country wakes up with a 21-gun salute in Lima, followed by the raising of the flag in main squares and institutional buildings. This is followed by the solemn Te Deum , a thanksgiving mass in Lima Cathedral, presided over by the Archbishop and attended by the President of the Republic, ministers, and civil and military authorities. In the afternoon, the president delivers the traditional Address to the Nation , an account of the country's situation, government achievements, and projections. This event is broadcast nationally and is one of the most anticipated moments of the year. Some homes even celebrate with the symbolic Punch of the Liberators , a traditional cocktail that commemorates the days of independence.
Popular traditions
During this holiday, Peruvians gather with families to share traditional foods and remember the pride of being part of an independent nation. Many homes, businesses, and buildings are decorated with the national flag, as its display is required by law throughout the month of July. Civic activities such as school parades, plays about independence, and patriotic contests are organized in schools. In the neighborhoods, there is no shortage of Creole music, traditional dances such as the marinera, and celebrations of the country's cultural diversity.
2. July 29: Tribute to the Armed Forces and Police
Meaning of the date
The day following the commemoration of independence is set aside to pay tribute to those who guarantee peace, territorial defense, and internal security: the Peruvian Armed Forces and the National Police. This date was established to recognize the courage, discipline, and sacrifice of those who, often silently, safeguard democratic principles and the well-being of all Peruvians. It is a reminder that freedom, once won, must be protected daily.
Great Military Parade
The central event on July 29th is the imposing Grand Military Parade and Drive , which takes place on Avenida Brasil in Lima. It is a massive event attended by thousands of people and broadcast live on television nationwide. All three branches of the Armed Forces (Army, Navy, and Air Force), as well as the National Police, participate in this parade, showcasing their capabilities, equipment, historical flags, and special contingents. International delegations and invited civilian groups also participate. The parade not only pays tribute but also strengthens the patriotic spirit, especially among young people.
3. Celebrations across the country
Festive atmosphere
Throughout Peru, from the largest cities to the most remote villages, July 28th and 29th are celebrated with a festive and unifying atmosphere. The streets are filled with flags, red and white garlands, cultural performances, craft fairs, and traditional competitions. In many regions, these dates are used to promote domestic tourism, with special packages, food fairs, and folklore performances that allow visitors to experience Peru's cultural richness. It is common to see plazas decorated with special lighting and school groups performing dances and dramatizing historical events.
Gastronomy and culture
The Fiestas Patrias (National Holidays) are also a time to celebrate Peru's diverse flavors. Typical dishes such as ají de gallina , lomo saltado , anticuchos , rocoto relleno (stuffed rocoto) , and the iconic ceviche are served during these holidays. Desserts such as picarones and traditional drinks like pisco sour and chicha morada are also served. In addition to food, there are regional dance performances, Paso horse competitions , Creole music festivals , and craft fairs that reflect the nation's multicultural identity.
4. Why July 28 and 29?
Choosing dates
The choice of July 28th has a clear motive: it commemorates the exact day San Martín proclaimed Peru's independence. However, July 29th was established later to balance the symbolic aspect of independence with recognition of the sacrifice and continuous work of the defense forces. Together, these two dates create a national holiday that allows for reflection on the country's history, present, and future. They also represent an opportunity for civic education for new generations.
National identity
Both days strengthen the sense of belonging, respect for national symbols, and the country's historical memory. They are dates that remind us of the importance of fighting for a better, more united, and just Peru. Each celebration honors the heroes of the past and present, and reinforces the collective commitment to national development.
Visual points to highlight in content
| Element | Suggested Use |
|---|---|
| Waving flag | Reflects national pride and patriotic decoration |
| Military parade | Capture the solemnity and magnitude of the tribute to the Armed Forces. |
| Families celebrating | It shows the cultural and festive aspect of the National Holidays |
| Typical dishes | Appeal to gastronomic identity during the holiday |
| Decorated school | Emphasizes civic education and participation of children and youth |
July 28th and 29th are dates that fill all Peruvians with emotion, pride, and reflection. They are not just days to rest, but to look back on the past with gratitude, to the present with responsibility, and to the future with hope. With every flag-raising, every traditional dish shared, and every note of Creole music, the spirit of freedom and unity that defines Peru is revived. Honoring these dates also honors the history, values, and culture of a country full of richness and diversity. Happy Fiestas Patrias, Peru!
Frequently Asked Questions
Why are there two holidays in July in Peru?
The 28th celebrates the proclamation of independence in 1821, and the 29th pays tribute to the Armed Forces and National Police, recognizing their fundamental role in protecting the country.
What is the history of the Te Deum in Peru?
It's a Catholic tradition brought by the colony that has endured as an act of gratitude for independence. It is celebrated every July 28th with the presence of national authorities.
What role does gastronomy play in the National Holidays?
It's essential: it represents Peruvian cultural identity. During these holidays, the most emblematic dishes of the national cuisine are prepared as a symbol of unity and family tradition.
How do regions outside of Lima celebrate?
Each region organizes its own activities: parades, fairs, cultural festivals, dance competitions, and art exhibitions, highlighting its local culture within the national framework.